Viola tricolor L.


Family	VIOLACEAE
Genus species	Viola tricolor L. sect. Melanium
Bibliography	Sp. Pl. 1: 935 (1753)
Native Range	Europe to w. Siberia and nw. Iran
Primary Biome	Temperate
Habitat	grassland
Description	leaves ovate-cordate to lanceolate, crenate, stipules distinct, pinnatilobate, flowers 25mm across, spur 3-6mm long; variable
Size	10-15cm
Color	violet, yellow
Bloom	spring, summer
Ca
Type	subshrub
Cultivation	mesic, slightly humous, sunny site alpine house, moist, rich, drained soil, sun
Propagation	seed in winter, barely covered, germ. 1-3 months, 13-16°C cuttings in late summer
Synonyms	Ion tricolor (L.) Medik. Jacea tricolor (L.) Opiz Mnemion nemausense (Jord.) Fourr. Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr. Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr. Viola arvensis var. media DC. Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult. Viola bella Gren. Viola bicolor Hoffm. Viola bielziana Schur Viola calcarata f. grandiflora (L.) Bolzon Viola calcarata ssp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud Viola cantiana Drabble Viola carpatica Borbás Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman Viola deminuta Schur Viola derelicta Jord. Viola flavida Jord. Viola foucaudii Sav. Viola garganica Strobl Viola grandiflora L. Viola kupffieri Klokov Viola lejeunei Jord. Viola lepida Jord. Viola leptoceras Schur Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss. Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman Viola luteola Jord. Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult. Viola meduanensis Boreau Viola mentita Jord. Viola micrantha Bertol. Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman Viola mutabilis Rochel Viola nemausensis Jord. Viola olonnensis Genev. Viola orcadensis Drabble Viola pallescens Jord. Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult. Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau Viola perennis E.Vilm. Viola perrobusta Borbás Viola pratensis var. humilis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch Viola provostii Boreau Viola pseudolutea Schur Viola sagotii Jord. Viola sicula Schur Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb. Viola subtilis Jord. Viola tenella Muhl. ex Schwein. Viola tricolor var. aequalis Brenner Viola tricolor f. alba Sigunov Viola tricolor var. albidocoerulescens C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor var. banatica (Kit. ex Schult.) Rupr. Viola tricolor var. bicolor Hartm. Viola tricolor var. calycina DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor var. cantiana (Drabble) P.D.Sell Viola tricolor var. carpatica (Borbás) P.D.Sell Viola tricolor var. crassifolia DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor ssp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Syme Viola tricolor var. curtisii (E.Forst.) P.D.Sell Viola tricolor var. degener DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman Viola tricolor var. dinstnctissima C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor f. excelsa Brenner Viola tricolor ssp. faeroensis W.Becker Viola tricolor var. faeroensis Ostenf. Viola tricolor f. flavescens Brenner Viola tricolor var. fulvo-striata C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor var. galbanata Brenner Viola tricolor var. gracilescens DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor var. grandiflora Lej. & Courtois Viola tricolor ssp. grandiflora (L.) Berher Viola tricolor var. hortensis DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor ssp. hortensis (DC. ex Ging.) Corb. Viola tricolor var. lacticolor C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor var. lejeunii (Jord.) P.D.Sell Viola tricolor var. lloydii (Jord. ex Boreau) Corb. Viola tricolor f. luteocoerulescens C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor var. luteola (Jord.) Willk. Viola tricolor f. luteoroseola C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor var. media Roth Viola tricolor var. meduanensis (Boreau) Corb. Viola tricolor var. minor Roth Viola tricolor var. nemausensis (Jord.) Gaut. Viola tricolor var. orcadensis (Drabble) P.D.Sell Viola tricolor var. ovatifolia DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman Viola tricolor f. perobscura C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor f. petrophila Brenner Viola tricolor var. polygonata Brenner Viola tricolor ssp. procumbens Ehrh. Viola tricolor f. pulcherrima C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor f. purpurascens C.G.Westerl. Viola tricolor var. purpurea DC. ex Ging. Viola tricolor var. raiblensis Lausi & Cusma-Vel. Viola tricolor f. rupicola Brenner Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut. Viola tricolor f. sublutescens Brenner Viola tricolor var. syrtica Rupr. Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw. Viola tricolor f. turgescens Brenner Viola tricolor var. vectensis F.N.Williams Viola tricolor var. villosa Lange Viola tricolor f. violaceosignata H.Lindb. ex Hiitonen Viola tricolor ssp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud Viola tricolor var. vulgaris Wimm. & Grab. Viola tricolor ssp. vulgaris (Rchb.) Oborny Viola variata Jord. Viola variegata Vuk. Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble Viola virgata Gren. Viola vivariensis Jord.
Territory	1 Europe 10 Northern Europe (DEN Denmark, FIN Finland, FOR Fřroyar, GRB Great Britain, ICE Iceland, IRE Ireland, NOR Norway, SWE Sweden) 11 Middle Europe (AUT Austria, BGM Belgium, CZE Czechoslovakia, GER Germany, HUN Hungary, NET Netherlands, POL Poland, SWI Switzerland) 12 Southwestern Europe (COR Corse, FRA France, SPA Spain) 13 Southeastern Europe (ALB Albania, BUL Bulgaria, GRC Greece, ITA Italy, ROM Romania, TUE Turkey-in-Europe, YUG Yugoslavia) 14 Eastern Europe (BLR Belarus, BLT Baltic States, KRY Krym, RUC Central European Russia, RUE East European Russia, RUN North European Russia, RUS South European Russia, RUW Northwest European Russia, UKR Ukraine) 3 Asia-Temperate 30 Siberia (ALT Altay, WSB West Siberia) 32 Middle Asia (KAZ Kazakhstan, TZK Tadzhikistan) 33 Caucasus (NCS North Caucasus, TCS Transcaucasus) 34 Western Asia (IRN Iran, TUR Turkey)